Retraction and Correction Policy

This journal is committed to maintaining the integrity of the scholarly record. In cases where errors, misconduct, or ethical concerns arise, the journal follows the guidelines of the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE) to issue corrections, retractions, or expressions of concern.

1. Corrections (Erratum & Corrigendum)

Corrections are issued when minor errors are identified that do not affect the overall findings, interpretations, or conclusions of the article, such as:

• Typographical errors

• Author name or affiliation errors

• Minor data inaccuracies

• Formatting mistakes

A correction notice will be published, clearly identifying the changes made and linking to the original article.

2. Retractions

Retractions are issued in cases of:

• Proven plagiarism

• Data fabrication or falsification

• Duplicate or redundant publication

• Unethical research practices

• Serious errors that invalidate the study’s findings

• Legal or copyright infringement

A retraction notice will be published stating the reason for retraction, and the original article will be clearly marked as Retracted but remain accessible to maintain the integrity of the scholarly record.

3. Expressions of Concern

An expression of concern may be published when:

• There is inconclusive evidence of misconduct

• An investigation is ongoing

• Serious concerns exist but final conclusions have not yet been reached

4. Retraction and Correction Procedures

1. Allegations are reviewed by the Editor-in-Chief and Editorial Board.

2. Authors are given the opportunity to respond.

3. Independent investigation may be conducted if necessary.

4. Final decisions are made based on COPE guidelines.

5. Appropriate notices (correction, retraction, or expression of concern) are published transparently.

5. Transparency and Indexing

• Retraction and correction notices are clearly linked to the original articles.

• Indexing databases and abstracting services will be notified to ensure record accuracy.